Amakuru yose abitse muri mudasobwa, abitse muri 1 na 0. Bisobanuye ko amakuru yose ushyize muri mudasobwa, amagambo, amafoto, amashusho, ndetse n’amajwi byose bibikwa mu buryo bw’imibare. Ibi ni byo byitwa Binary. 1 ifatwa nka Yego, noneho 0 igafatwa nka Oya. Ariko wakwibaza uti, kubera iki bakoresheje 1 na 0? Nonese, ni gute ifoto ihinduka 1 na 0? Nubwo abantu benshi banga imibare, biroroshye kubyumva.
Jya ahantu hatuje, ufate agapapuro n’agakaramu, tugufashe gusobanukirwa uko bikorwa.
Ni gute amakuru ahindurwa muri BINARY?
Niba warize imibare, ushobora kuba warize Number Systems. Aha haba harimo Base 2 yitwa Binary, Base 8 yitwa Octal, Base 10 yitwa Decimal, Base 16 yitwa Hexadecimal. Niba utarabyize na bwo, reka tubivugeho gato.
Imibare isanzwe dukoresha ihera kuri 0 kugera kuri 9, iba iri muri base 10. Bivuze ko muri base ya 10 harimo imibare 10 yonyine. Iyo ushatse kwandika umubare munini urenze ku i 9, wandika imibare irenze umwe yo muri base ya 10. Urugero ushaka kwandika cumi na gatanu, wandika 15. Ushaka kwandika ijana, wandika 100.
Muri base 2 harimo imibare 2 yonyine. Iyo mibare ni 0 na 1. Bivuze ko muri binary, ntabwo ushobora kwandika imibare irenze kuri rimwe (1). Iyo irenze, bigusaba ko uyihindura muri binary. Urugero, umubare gatanu (5) ntibishoboka ko wawandika muri binary. Niyo mpamvu ukeneye kuwuhindura muri binary, uwuhinduye waba ungana na 101.
Ni gute bahindura muri binary?
Iyo ugiye guhindura umubare uwo ari wo wose muri binary, uwugabanya na 2 kugeza ku gisubizo hasigaye 1 cyangwa 0. Hano kuri 5, twagabanyije na 2, igisubizo kiba kabiri, hasaguka rimwe. Kabiri twabonye, twongeye kuyigabanya na kabiri, igisubizo kiba rimwe, hasigara 0. Nari nababwiye ko tugabanya kugeza ku gisubizo hariho 1 cyangwa 0.
Iyo umaze kubona imibare yari isigaye uyandika uhereye ku gisubizo cy’inyuma nkuko iyi foto ibigaragaza.
Ni ukubera iki bahisemo ko mudasobwa zikoresha 1 na 0?
Muri make, mudasobwa ni uko zikoze. Kera mudasobwa zitarabaho, habagaho ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, bikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi, ndetse bikora n’izindi nshingano zitandukanye. Nibwo abahanga batangiye kwifashisha ibyo bikoresho byari bihari bagakoramo ibindi bikoresho bifite akandi kamaro. Nk’amatara atanga urumuri, moteri z’ibinyabiziga, mudasobwa n’ibindi. Gusa hari ikibazo cy’uko bitari byoroshye ko ku mashini bakoraga wakoreraho ibintu bisaba ubwenge nk’imibare.
Nibwo abahanga batangiye gushakisha uburyo byakorwa. Bumwe mu buryo bwageragejwe ni ukwifashisha imbaraga z’amashanyarazi (Voltage). Ubwo bavugaga ko nushaka kwandika 0 uzajya utanga imbaraga ziri hagato ya Voltage 0 na 1, kwandika 1 ukohereza imbaraga ziri hagati ya Voltage ziri hagati ya 1 na 3, kwandika kabiri woherezaga imbaraga ziri hagati ya Voltage 3 na 5, n’ibindi bigakomeza gutyo. Ariko nyuma abantu basanze bigoranye ko ubu buryo bugoranye kuba bwakora nk’uko babishakaga.
Nibwo baje kuba bahitamo gukoresha BINARY. Ubu na bwo binary ziracyahuzwa n’imbaraga z’amashanyarazi ariko ntibisaba noneho ko buri mubare ugira voltage ya wo. Ubu 0 ingana na voltage ya 0. Noneho rimwe (1) igahuzwa n’imbaraga zihera kuri Voltage 2 kugera kuri 5.
Ni gute mudasobwa imenya umubare ihitamo hagati ya 1 na 0?
Muri mudasobwa yawe, harimo insinga nyinshi zifata kuri keyboard (ka gakoresho bandikiraho), muri izo nsinga haba harimo urusinga rutwara 1 n’urundi rwa 0. Iyo ushyizemo 1, muri urwo rusinga rwa rimwe, hoherezwamo imirasire y’amashanyarazi igenda ikabwira ibindi bice bya mudasobwa bishinzwe kunonosora amakuru ko hoherejwe rimwe. Iyo ushyizemo 0, na bwo hakoreshwa urusinga rwohereza amakuru ya 0, bikagenda bityo.
Urugero: Twifashishije urugero rwa 5 twatangiranye, ukanze kuri 5, ihita ihindurwa muri BINARY, noneho hakoherezwa 101. Ubwo bwa mbere urusinga rohereza amakuru ya 1 ruhita rwohereza imirasire, hagakurikiraho urwa 0, noneho nyuma urwa 1 rukongera. Noneho bigahita bijyanwa ku bubiko. Bikozwe n’ibyitwa LOGIC Gates. Bimeze nka wa mukino wo ku mazi no ku nkombe. Iyo bavuze ngo ku mazi ukigira imbere, bifate nk’uko mudasobwa yakiye umubare 1. Bavuga ku nkombe wasubira inyuma, ubifate nk’uko yakiye umubare 0.
Ni gute imibare ihindukamo inyuguti?
Kuri ubu umaze gusobanukirwa uko bahindura imibare muri binary ndetse umaze kumenya n’impamvu ariyo dukoresha muri mudasobwa. Noneho uri kwibaza uko inyuguti nka “A” cyangwa “B” bihinduka Binary.
Kugira ngo bikorwe, hari abantu bagiye bakora uburyo butandukanye bukoreshwa hirya no hino ku isi. Twavugamo nk’uburyo bwitwa ASCII (American Standard Character for Information Interchange), ndetse na Unicode (ushobora kuba warigeze kubona ahantu handitse UTF-8).
Abantu bakoze ubu buryo, bafashe inyuguti zose, ibimenyetso, imibare ndetse n’ibindi byose wakandika kuri keyboard babiha agaciro kadahinduka muri BINARY. Aho bitandukaniye, ni uko ASCII ibitse binary z’imibare, inyuguti n’ibimenyetso dusanzwe tuzi gusa. Mu gihe Unicode yo ifite n’inyuguti zituruka no mu zindi ndimi zitamenyerewe, nk’ibishinwa, n’ibindi.
Urugero: Iyo wanditse “A“, mudasobwa ikoresha ASCII iyihindura muri 01000001, mu gihe “a” ihinduka 01100001.
Wasoma ku nyuguzi zose za Unicode unyuze hano. Kuri ASCII nyura hano.
Ni gute amabara ahindurwa mu mibare?
Amaso y’umuntu abasha kwakira amabara atatu gusa. Harimo ibara ry’umutuku, ibara ry’icyatsi, ndetse n’ibara ry’ubururu. Mu cyongereza ni Red, Green na Blue, bishyizwe mu nyuguti nto biba RGB. Iyo uvanze aya mabara uko ari atatu, ubasha kubona andi mabara yose abaho.
Ufashe umutuku mwinshi, ugashyiramo icyatsi gike, ugashyiramo n’ubururu bwinshi, ushobora kubona ibara rya move. Kugira ngo noneho ubashe gupima aya mabara ngo umenye ingano y’ibara runaka riri gushyirwamo, ukoresha imibare. Buri bara riba rifite ikigero gihera kuri 0 kikagera kuri 255. Bikorwa gutya kubera ko buri bara rigomba kuba rifite imibarwa 8 muri Binary cyangwa ibyitwa 8-bits. Iyo uhinduye 255 muri binary ihinduka 11111111 akaba ariyo mubare wanyuma ufite imibarwa umunani muri binary.
Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko, mu gihe aya mabara yose yahururijwe hamwe yuzure, tuzaba dufite (Umutuku, Icyatsi, Ubururu) twabihindura mu mibare bikaba (255,255,255) noneho twabishyira muri binary bikaba (11111111, 11111111, 11111111). Iyo aya mabara yose ahurijwe hamwe yuzuye, ibara rivamo ni Umweru (white). Iyo yose afite zeru, ni ukuvuga nta narimwe rihari, tuba dufite umukara (black).
Nyura hano ukore igerageza ku mabara. Urahita ubona uko amabara ahinduka bitewe n’imibare uhinduye.
Nk’uko twabonye uko bigenda ngo binary zibikwe muri mudasobwa, iyo amabara amaze guhindurwa muri binary, bihita byoroha ko yabikwa muri mudasobwa. Gusa hari ahandi uzabona abantu bandika amabara bakoresheje Hexadecimals (twazivuzeho hejuru tuvuga kuri Base 16). Iyo bakoresheje hex, uzabona bandika amabara nka gutya: #ff0aff bingana no kwandika rgb(255, 10, 255). Bahindura iyi mibare muri hex, 255 = ff, 10 = a, 255 = ff. Kubera ko bigomba kuba inyugiti ebyili ebyili, niyo mpamvu ku 10 bongeraho 0. (Tuzabigarukaho nituvuga kuri Hexadecimals).
Ni gute amafoto ahindurwa mu mibare?
Ikintu kimwe dukwiye kumenya ku mafoto, ni uko buriya ifoto iba igizwe n’uduce duto duto tw’amabara. Uramutse wongeye ingano y’ifoto ukayigira nini cyane (zoom), ushobora kubasha kubona utwo duce duto tw’amabara.
Utwo duce tw’amabara ni two bita Pixels. Utwo duce duto turahura ari twinshi tugakora ifoto nini tubona. Iyi niyo mpamvu iyo ushaka kugura telephone nziza, ugura telephone ifite pixels zo hejuru. Kubera ko bivuze ko niba yafata pixel nyinshi, yafata uduce tw’amafoto twinshi, bigakora ifoto isa neza cyane, wazakora zoom ikaba yajya kujyera kuri twa duce tw’amabara hashize akanya. Izi pixels zahuye ari nyinshi kandi nanone, zifasha mu kubasha kumenya uko ifoto iraba ingana muri megabiti (MB) cyangwa kilobiti (KB).
Ubwo imashini yo, ihita ihindura izo pixels muri binary ikoresheje bwa buryo ikoresha n’ubundi mu kubika amabara.
Ni gute amashusho ahinduka mu mibare?
Amashusho agenda ni amafoto yakurikiranyijwe yihuta. Nk’uko uramutse ufashe igitabo kirimo amafoto, ukajya ukirambura vuba vuba, bihita bimera nk’amashusho agenda. Bivuze ko amavideo tureba, aba ari amafoto yahurijwe hamwe agakora video tubona. Ntitubimenya ariko ugabanyije umuvuduko wa video uhita ubibona ko ari amafoto ari gukurikiranywa.
Twari twabonye uko amafoto abikwa, birahita byoroha kumva uko amashusho abikwa muri mudasobwa.
Niba amakuru yose aza muri binary, mudasobwa ibwirwa n’iki ubwoko bw’amakuru?
Kugira ngo mudasobwa imenye ubwoko bw’amakuru irakira, ikoresha ibyitwa metadata. Metadata aba ari ubundi bwoko bw’amakuru ashamikiye ku makuru y’ingenzi wohereje. Aha twavugamo nk’amatariki y’igihe uyakoreye, amazina yawe wowe ukoze ayo makuru, hakabamo n’akandi kantu kitwa extension. Extension zimenyerewe cyane ni nka .pdf .docx .jpg .mp4 .mp3 .html .exe .png n’izindi. Izi extensions ziba zibitse amakuru yerekeranye n’imiterere y’amakuru kandi iyo amakuru uyahaye extension bitajyanye, habamo ibibazo by’uko ayo makuru utakongera kuyabona.
Mu makuru twabasobanuriye ntimwabonyemo amajwi kuko yo abikwa mu buryo butandukanye cyane n’ubwo twavuze haruguru kandi asaba byinshi. Niyo mpamvu tuzakora inyandiko ibasobanurira uko amajwi abikwa tuyiharire amajwi gusa.
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