Ibyo ukeneye kumenya kuri Artificial Intelligence (AI) byose

Waba warigeze urebaho filime zirimo ama robo? Cyangwa ukareba filime irimo ikoranabuhanga rikabije, zimwe bita science fiction? Izi ni filime zigaragaza amashusho n’inkuru zivuga ibintu bitabaho cyangwa se bitarabaho. Mo filime tutatinya kuvuga ko ziba ari inzozi cyangwa ubuhanuzi bw’ibizabaho kuko usanga akenshi usanga zikinwa havugwa ibihe bizaza. Gusa ikintu kimwe tutakwirengagiza muri izo filime, ni ubwenge imashini zirimo ziba zifite. Uba usanga zifite ubwenge buhangana n’ubw’abantu cyangwa burenze ubw’abantu. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, hifashishwa ikoranabuhanga ryitwa Artificial intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) ibyo mu Kinyarwanda twakwita “ubwenge bw’ubukorano”, mu magambo make ni ikoranabuhanga ryigana ubwenge bw’abantu rishyirwa mu mashini zateguwe gutekereza nk’abantu no kwigana ibikorwa bya bo. Zikoreshwa cyangwa zigategekwa n’abantu byongeyeho kandi zarakozwe n’abantu. AI ikaba ifasha imashini zitandukanye nka mudasobwa, cyangwa robo kwerekana imico ijyanye n’ubwenge bwa muntu nko kwiga no gukemura ibibazo by’ abantu binyuze mu magambo cyangwa mu bikorwa.

Byatangiye bite?

Ijambo AI ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu kigo cyitwa Dartmouth College mu w’1956, n’itsinda ry’abashakashatsi barimo Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon. Bizeraga cyane ko bishoboka gukora ikoranabuhanga ryagira ubwenge nk’ubw’abantu. Icyo bifuje gukora mbere cyari ugusobanukirwa uko imitekerereze ya muntu ikorwa ndetse no kwifashisha icyo bita “symbolic reasoning” bagakora imashini zishobora gukemura ibibazo. Ubu ni uburyo utanga amabwiriza agomba gukurikizwa ngo igisubizo runaka kiboneke, noneho mudasobwa igakoresha ayo mabwiriza igushakira igisubizo.

Nyuma y’uko iri jambo rimenyekanye muri 1956, mu myaka ya za 1970 byabaye nk’ibisubira inyuma kuko abantu batangiye kubona mudasobwa zisanzwe zikura, ikizere muri AI kiragabanuka, amafaranga ntiyashorwamo nka mbere ariko hari n’ikibazo cya mudasobwa zitari zifite ubushobozi buhagije. Mu myaka ya za 1980, gahunda zikoresha AI mu gufata imyanzuro zatangiye kwiyongera, byongera ubushakashatsi bwakorwaga muri “Machine Learning” cyane cyane mu myaka ya za 1990. Nyuma yaho muri za 2010, niho hatangiye kugerwaho ibintu bitangaje muri iki kiciro cya AI, aho hatangiye kuza uburyo bwo kureba mu ifoto, bakamenya ko ari ifoto, hakorwa imashini zisemura, noneho bitangira no kwifashishwa nko mu bukungu n’ubuvuzi.

Uyu munsi AI yamaze kugera ku rwego rwiza, aho ikoreshwa mu bintu bitandukanye ndetse ubushakashatsi bukaba bugikomeje, n’ibibazo by’imbaraga za mudasobwa bikaba bigenda bivaho.

Ni ibiki byitezwe kuri AI?

Guhera mu kinyejana cya 20 aho filime zatangiye gutera imbere, twahoze tubona filime zigaragaza amarobo ndetse n’imashini zifite ubwenge, zikaba zirwanya abantu bigatuma bidutera ubwoba tugatekereza ko iri koranabuhanga nta keza ka ryo, ahubwo rigambiriye kuturimbura. Ariko abantu benshi bafite ikizere ko iri koranabuhanga rizafasha mu gukemura byinshi mu bibazo byinshi duhura na byo, ndetse abafite amafaranga bashoye menshi mu bushakashatsi bwo kuriteza imbere. Dore bimwe mu byo rizafasha:

Izafasha gukora imashini zikoresha (Automation): Ubu mu nganda zimwe na zimwe, bagabanije umubare w’abantu bazikoragamo kubera ko akazi bakoraga, gakorwa n’imashini zikoresha, nta muntu uhari, amasaha 24 ku yandi, kandi zigakora neza kurusha abantu, zitanasabye byinshi nk’ibyo abantu basaba. Ibi bikorwa hifashishijwe ubu bwenge bw’ubukorano bushyirwa muri izi mashini.

Kunonosora amakuru menshi byihuse (Data Analysis): Iyo abantu bari mu bushakashatsi, basabwa kunonosora amakuru menshi, bagashakisha amahuriro (patterns) yayo kugira ngo bafate imyanzuro. Nko mu bihe by’iteganyagihe, mu gihe k’ibyorezo, mu bukungu, mu buvuzi cyangwa mu kuvumbura ibishya. Ibyo rero bibatwara igihe kinini. Imashini zifite ubu bwenge bw’ubukorano zibikora zihuse nk’uko umuntu yari kubikora, zikarushaho.

Imodoka zitwara (Self-Driving Cars): Iri koranabuhanga rizafasha cyane mu gukora imodoka zitwara, kuko na zo uko zigenda ziba zigomba kunonosora amakuru menshi byihuse kandi zigafata imyanzuro. Ubushakashatsi bwo kuzikora burarimbanije ndetse zatangiye no kugeragezwa. Inganda nka Tesla ziri imbere mu gukora izi modoka.

Imashini zumva ururimi rwa muntu (Natural Language Processing): Uko iri koranabuhanga ritera imbere, bizatuma imashini zirushaho kwitwara nk’abantu, zitekereze nk’abantu, zumve imvugo y’abantu nk’uko abantu bayumva, kandi zitange serivise nk’uko abantu bayitanga ndetse n’abakira serivise banyurwe nk’uko banyurwe nk’uko banyurwa bakiwe n’abantu. Ibi bizafasha cyane mu gusimbura nk’abakozi bakira abantu, gufasha mu gukora umuziki mwiza, gukora ibishushanyo byiza cyane, n’ibindi.

Imashini zifatika ziteye imbere: Uko iri koranabuhanga rya AI ritera imbere, imashini twita amarobo naya azarushaho kongererwaho ubushobozi kuko iri koranabuhanga ryifashishwa mu bwonko bw’amarobo. Aha niho tuzabona amarobo ashobora gukina umupira, ashobora guterura ibikoresho biremeye, ashobora kurera abana b’abantu, ashobora gutumwa guhaha, n’ibindi.

Ubu AI igeze ku ruhe rwego?

Kuva mu mwaka ushize wa 2022 hamenyekana cyane urubuga rwitwa ChatGPT rukoresha ubu bwenge mu kuganira abantu, abantu bamenye ko AI ibaho ndetse n’izindi mbuga ziyikoresha zihita zimenyekana. Nubwo hari hashize igihe kinini ziri imbere yacu, ariko ubu nibwo abantu benshi bari kuyimenya. Kugira ngo rero tubashe kumva aho igeze uyu munsi, reka tubanze tubabwire ibyiciro bya AI. Ese ibyo byiciro bisumbana gute? Noneho tumenye ikiciro tugezemo ubu.

AI y’umwihariko (Narrow/Weak AI): Ibi ni ibyiciro bya AI bikora akazi runaka, ariko bidashobora gukora akandi bitagenewe. Urugero nk’izikoreshwa mu gusemura indimi, gukora amafoto, kwakira abakiriya n’ibindi ariko ugasanga ariko kazi konyine ishoboye. Urugero: remove.bg, synthesia, n’izindi.

AI yagutse (General Intelligence AI/Strong AI): Iki ni ikiciro usangamo AI ifite ubwenge mu bintu bigiye bitandukanye nk’abantu. Iba ishobora kwiga, ndetse igakora byinshi nk’uko abantu babikora. Twatangamo urugero rwa ChatGPT, Bard AI, n’izindi. Gusa kuri ubu ntabwo zirabasha kugira ubushobozi bwo kumera nk’abantu nubwo zifite ubwenge butandukanye kandi bujya gusa n’ubw’abantu. Iki kiciro ntabwo kiragerwamo neza 100% ariko biri mu nzira.

AI irenze abantu (Artificial Superintelligence): Iki ni ikiciro kizabaho, ari uko ubu bwenge bw’ubukorano bwarenze ubwenge bw’abantu. Aho izi mashini zizaba zirusha abantu ubwenge. Ibi ntibirabaho, gusa nibyo akenshi tubona mu ma filime y’ikoranabuhanga rikabije.

Nkuko twabigaragaje, ubu ikoranabuhanga ry’ubwenge bw’ubukorano rigeze ku kiciro cya kabiri, ariko ubushakashatsi burakorwa buri munsi ngo hagerwe no ku bindi byiciro.

Ni gute iri koranabuhanga rikorwa?

Ikigo kitwa Gartner, Inc giteganya ko muri 2025, ubutumwa buhererekanywa mu bigo bikomeye burenga 30% buzaba bukorwa n’ubu bwenge bw’ubukorano. Ariko abantu bamwe bashobora kwibaza bati ibi bikorwa gute? Ni gute imashini igira ubushobozi bwo gutekereza nk’umuntu ndetse ikaba yakwandika inyandiko nk’uko umuntu w’undi na we ayandika? Reka turebe uko izi mashini zikorwa.

Mu ncamake,

Iyo umwana avutse akiri muto, ibyo aba ashobora gukora biba ari bike. Ariko uko agenda ahura n’abantu benshi bakamuha amakuru atandukanye ndetse agasoma n’andi makuru, ubumenyi bwe burushaho kwiyongera ndetse akaba yatangira gukora ibintu bitangaje. Izi mashini na zo ni uko zikorwa hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kuzigisha bwitwa “Machine Learning” zihabwa amakuru menshi bitewe n’icyo bifuza ko zizakora, noneho kubera ayo makuru ubwenge bwa zo bukiyongera.

Amakuru ntabwo ari abonetse yose. Ahubwo uyiha amakuru bitewe n’icyo ushaka ko ikora. Urugero niba ushaka ko izajya isemura, uyaha amakuru yerekeranye n’indimi. Ushaka ko ikora amafoto, uyiha amafoto menshi. Ushaka ko yigana ijwi, uyiha amajwi menshi n’ibindi. Ariko mbere y’uko zihabwa amakuru, haba habanje gukorwa ikitwa Model. Iyi model ni programu (algorithm) ikorwa, kugira ngo ize kwakira aya makuru, iyigireho, noneho ibe yabasha no kuyakoresha ngo igire ibindi ikora.

Izi model zikorwa n’abakora iri koranabuhanga, ndetse iyo bamaze kuyitoza bakoresheje aya makuru, bashobora kwemerera abandi bantu bakayikoresha. Iyi model iba yakira ubusabe (request), igakoresha amakuru ifite ikabunonosora, igatanga igisubizo (response). Ingero za model zizwi twavugamo GPT models zubakiyeho ChatGPT n’andi ma progaramu menshi akoresha API ya OpenAI, Llama 2 yakozwe n’ikigo cya Meta, KinyaGPT yakozwe n’ikigo cyo mu Rwanda kitwa Digital Umuganda ihindura inyandiko z’Ikinyarwanda mu mvugo, n’izindi nyinshi. Ururimi rwa programming rwifashishwa cyane mu gukora izi model ni izitwa Python.

Ni ibihe bibazo bishobora guterwa n’iri koranabuhanga?

Iyo urebye muri za filime natangiye mbabwira, usanga iri koranabuhanga rigaragazwa rihanganye n’abantu, cyangwa zishaka kurimbura ikiremwa muntu. Ibi bikaba byatuma twibaza tuti, ese iri koranabuhanga niritera imbere, ni izihe ngaruka zizatugeraho ziriturutseho? Reka tuzivugeho.

Ubugenzuzi bwarenze muntu: Iyo urebye muri aya mafilime, ubona ikoranabuhanga ryararenze aho umuntu ashobora kurigenzura. Ku buryo rikora ibikorwa bitateganijwe n’umuntu, rikaba ryateza ukwangirika kw’ibintu bitandukanye ndetse bigatuma ritangira gukora ibyaha birimo nko kwinjirira sisiteme z’abandi bantu, gukwirakwiza amakuru y’ibihuha, no kuzamura ibikorwa by’ivangura.

Gukoreshwa muri deepfakes: Soma birambuye kuri deepfakes hano.

Ibura ry’akazi kuri benshi: Iri koranabuhanga uko ritera imbere, rizagenda risimbura abakozi benshi bakoraga mu tuzi imashini ishobora gukora. Ibi bizaterwa n’uko izi mashini zizaba zibasha kwikoresha hadakenewe undi muntu wivangamo. Abazabura akazi, haba harimo nk’abagenzuzi, abafata imyanzuro, abakora akazi gasaba inzira zisubiramo n’abandi benshi.

Ibibazo mu gufata imyanzuro: Muri filime yitwa “I, Robot“, amarobo ahawe gufata imyanzuri ikomeye, usanga ashobora gushyira ubuzima bw’abantu mu kaga. Kuko yo uko abona ibintu, siko abantu babibona. Muri iyo filime, amarobo yari yarahawe inshingano zo kurinda muntu, ariko yo asanga umuntu ari we witeza ibibazo. Kugira ngo arinde muntu, ahitamo gufungira abantu mu ngo za bo.

Umubano w’abantu uzangirika: Kubera abantu bazishingikiriza ikoranabuhanga cyane, bizarangira ibiganiro hagati y’abantu bikendera kuko ikoranabuhanga rizaba rifite ubushobozi bwo kuganira nk’uko abantu babikora.

Ni bande bari gukora iri koranabuhanga?

Abantu benshi batandukanye bari gukora kugira ngo iri koranabuhanga ritere imbere. Ndetse nawe uri gusoma ibi, ubigiramo uruhare ubinyujije mu makuru utanga kuri murandasi. Ariko reka tuvuge kuri bimwe mu bigo biri imbere mu gukora models zikomeye.

Ibigo nka OpenAI, Google, Microsoft, Nividia, Oracle, Broadcom, Meta, Amazon, Tesla, Mozilla, IBM n’ibindi byinshi biri imbere cyane mu kuyobora impinduramatwara irimo iri koranabuhanga rya AI. Muri ibi bigo harimo ibikora models zikomeye zifashishwa na benshi. Hari abongerera mudasobwa ubushobozi babinyujije mu bice bya mudasobwa bakora nka Nividia, hari abari imbere mu bushakashatsi, ndetse n’ibindi biri imbere mu gukusanya amakuru.

Mu Rwanda nk’uko twabikomojeho, ibigo nka Digital Umuganda bari gukora kuri models zizabasha kumva no kuvuga indimi zifashishwa muri Afurika bahereye ku Kinyarwanda.

Ni iki twe twakora ngo iri koranabuhanga ritugirire akamaro?

Nkuko twagaragaje bimwe mu bibazo iri koranabuhanga rishobora guteza, abantu bashobora kwibaza icyo bakora ngo birinde kugerwaho n’izi ngaruka, cyangwa se ngo babyaze umusaruro icyp iri koranabuhanga ryabafasha. Reka tuvuge bimwe mu byo wakora:

Ongera ubumenyi bwawe: Ikintu cya mbere wakora kandi k’ingenzi, ni ukuvugurura ubumenyi bwawe, ukamenya uko iri koranabuhanga rikora, uko ryakora mu kazi kawe, ndetse ukagira amakuru ku byo wowe wakora ngo wongere umusaruro, ari byo turi gukora ubu. Ariko na nyuma yo gusoma iyi nyandiko ntibigarukire aha, jya uhora ukurikirana umenye uko ritera imbere. Ikindi kandi ibi ntibivuze ngo ureke ibyo wari urimo uhite ujya mu bakora iri koranabuhanga. Ahubwo shakisha uko ryakora mu byo usanzwe ukora.

Dukwiye gukorera hamwe: Mu gukora iri koranabuhanga, hakenerwa ubunararibonye bw’abantu batandukanye harimo abakora mu ndimi, abafite abafata imyanzuro, ndetse n’abakora gahunda za mudasobwa (developers). Icyo waba ukora cyose, ese ni uwuhe musanzu watanga ngo iri koranabuhanga rikure? Abantu benshi bagiye bavuga ko hakwiye kwitabwa ku buryo iri koranabuhanga rikoreshwa, hagakurikizwa indangagaciro za sosiyete tubamo.

Ubwoko 4 bwa Artificial Intelligence

1. Reactive machines: ubu bwoko bw’imashini burangwa no gukora gusa, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu byo kwibuka cyangwa gukoresha uburambe ifite mu gikorwa runaka igafata ibyemezo by’ubu. Urugero: Deep Blue, supercomputer ya IBM ikina chess(igisoro), Google’s Alpha Go nizindi.
2. Limited memory: Ubu bwoko bw’ubwenge bwerekeza ku bushobozi bwa AI bwo kubika amakuru yabanjirije no guhanura(igatekereza ahazaza), Usibye kugira ubushobozi bw’imashini, ishobora no kwigira ku mateka kugirango ifate ibyemezo.
3. Theory of mind: Ubu bwoko bwa AI bukorana n’ibitekerezo n’amarangamutima y’abantu. Iyi AI ahanini yibanda ku bantu bafite ibitekerezo, nko gusobanukirwa abantu nibindi.
4. Self-awareness: Ubu ni ubwoko bwa nyuma bwa AI aho imashini zimenya ubwazo kandi zikamenya imiterere yimbere n’amarangamutima y’abandi, imyitwarire, hamwe n’ubushishozi.

  Zimwe muri gahunda za mudasobwa ukoresha zikoresha AI

1. Google Cloud Machine Learning Engine
2. Azure Machine Learning Studio
3. Siri
4. Cortana
5. IBM Watson
6. Salesforce Einstein
7. Google Assistant
8. Amazon Alexa

Ubwo ni bwo bumenyi bwibanze ukeneye kugira kuri Artificial Intelligence. Uhereye kubyo aribyo, uko byaje, uko bikozwe ningaruka zabyo. Ubu uri umwe mu bantu bafite ubumenyi bwigiye imbere kuri AI kandi ushobora gutangira gufata ingamba ukoresha iri ikoranabuhanga mu bikorwa byawe bya buri munsi, rikagufasha kongera umusaruro, mu buzima bwawe kandi ukagira uruhare mu kuzamuka kwaryo uko ubishoboye. Mu Rwanda hari ihuriro ry’abakora kuri iri koranabuhanga ryitwa MbazaNLP, ukeneye gufatanya na bo, ni ahawe ngo nawe utange umusanzu wawe.

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Ibihe byiza!